哈尔滨市人民政府办公厅关于印发哈尔滨市政务系统电子公文传输管理暂行办法的通知
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哈尔滨市人民政府办公厅关于印发哈尔滨市政务系统电子公文传输管理暂行办法的通知
哈尔滨市人民政府办公厅
哈政办综[2005]65号
哈尔滨市人民政府办公厅关于印发哈尔滨市政务系统电子公文传输管理暂行办法的通知
各区、县(市)人民政府，市政府各委、办、局：
现将《哈尔滨市政务系统电子公文传输管理暂行办法》印发给你们，请认真贯彻执行。
二○○五年十一月二十九日
哈尔滨市政务系统电子公文传输管理暂行办法
第一章 总则
第一条 为加强电子公文传输管理，确保电子公文传输安全有效，根据国务院办公厅《电子公文传输管理办法》和《哈尔滨市(国家行政机关公文处理办法)实施细则》的有关规定，制定本办法。
第二条 本办法适用于本市市、区、县(市)级政府、市政府各部门之间电子公文传输的管理。
第三条 本办法所称电子公文，是指通过由市政府办公厅统一配置的“哈尔滨市公文无纸化传输系统”处理后形成的具有规范格式的公文的电子数据。
本办法所称电子公文传输，是指电子公文的生成、发送和接收过程。
第四条 市政府办公厅负责对电子公文传输工作进行指导和检查。各区、县(市)政府，市政府各委、办、局办公室主管本单位的电子公文传输工作。
技术服务部门是电子公文传输的技术保障机构，负责本单位电子公文传输系统的技术保障工作。
第五条 电子公文与相同内容的纸质公文具有同等法定效力。电子公文的处理应当符合《哈尔滨市(国家行政机关公文处理办法>实施细则》的有关规定。
第二章 电子公文的传输
第六条 电子公文传输应当在“哈尔滨市电子政务网”各级中心平台上进行。各区、县(市)政府，市政府各部门按照系统命名规范，建立各自的公文发送、接收专门用户，并向市政府办公厅备案。
第七条 单位使用的下列传输电子公文设备，应当符合市信息化工作办公室统一的要求：
(一)电子公文传输系统(包括公文发送、接收管理系统软件，加密卡)；
(二)路由器、防火墙及拨号设备；
(三)彩色打印机。
第八条 公文完成审核、签批手续后，应当由负责录入、传输工作的部门将其通过“哈尔滨市公文无纸化传输系统”处理生成电子公文，经电子公文传输部门负责人核准后，通过“哈尔滨市电子政务网”发送至接收单位。
第九条 电子公文发送后，发送单位应当在24小时内对所发电子公文的接收情况进行查询；对接收单位退回的电子公文应当及时签收，发现问题应当及时与接收单位联系。
第十条 接收电子公文的单位应当对公文的发送单位、公文的完整性和体例格式等进行核对，确认无误后方可接收。对紧急公文应当及时签收处理。对不能正常接收的电子公文，接收单位应当及时与发送单位联系解决。
第三章 电子印章的制发与管理
第十一条 各区、县(市)政府，市政府各部门电子印章由市政府办公厅统一制作、颁发，任何单位和个人不得擅自制作、使用。对电子印章的管理，按实物印章管理的有关规定执行。
第十二条 电子印章使用单位应当指定专人负责保管和使用电子印章。
第十三条 电子印章由指定人员在专用计算机上使用。
第四章 安全保密
第十四条 涉及国家秘密的公文不得以电子公文的形式传输。
第十五条 电子公文传输各环节必须严格保密，不得向无关人员透露操作程序或者提供电子印章软盘等相关设备和软件。
第十六条 电子印章系统用户密码口令应当由使用单位定期更换。
第十七条 用于电子公文传输的计算机及其相关设备应当指定专人管理和维护。
第五章 附则
第十八条 电子公文应当存放于指定服务器，指定专人严格管理。未经电子公文传输部门负责人同意，不得删除和打印。
第十九条 电子公文的归档按照档案部门的有关规定执行。
第二十条 各区、县(市)政府，市政府各部门在本地区或者本系统内开展电子公文传输工作，参照本办法执行。
第二十一条 本办法由市政府办公厅负责解释。
第二十二条 本办法自下发之日起施行。
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浅论一方下落不明离婚案件的审判
蔡武
随着我国经济的快速发展，人口流动日益频繁，人们居住场所的变动性加大，经常居住地无法用法律进行判断，导致离婚案件对方当事人因失踪或下落不明或者其他原因不应诉、不出庭的诉讼日益增多，法院公告送达法律文书、以缺席判决方式审理此类案件的做法也越来越常见。法院对一方失踪（或下落不明）的离婚案件予以受理并以缺席判决方式进行审理，主要是依据《最高人民法院关于人民法院审理离婚案件如何认定夫妻感情确已破裂的若干具体意》。该意见指出，“一方下落不明满二年，对方起诉离婚，经公告查找确无下落的，一方坚决要求离婚，经调解无效，可依法判决准予离婚。”（这一解释是前后矛盾的，如被告”确无下落“则根本不存在调解的条件或可能，它对审判或司法的误导不可避免）1992年最高人民法院《关于适用〈中华人民共和国民事诉讼法〉若干问题的意见》第151条规定：“夫妻一方下落不明，另一方诉至人民法院，只要求离婚，不申请宣告下落不明人失踪或死亡的案件，人民法院应当受理，对下落不明人用公告送达诉讼文书。”
应当看到，允许法院以缺席判决方式审理一方当事人失踪或下落不明的离婚案件，因舍弃了必要调解程序而缺乏充分的法律依据，而简单地禁止法院作缺席判决，必然会使那些因一方失踪或下落不明而名存实亡的婚姻关系及纠纷无法获得必要且及时的法律调整与处理。这一矛盾或问题，在我国目前人口流动不断加剧、当事人逃避婚姻家庭义务或逃避诉讼现象日趋严重的情形下更为突出。上述问题虽因婚姻法的修改而在一定程度上得到解决，但法院对此类离婚案件依然进行缺席判决，这就导致一方当事人下落不明或失踪的离婚案件变得更复杂。
现行婚姻法第三十二条第三款规定：“一方被宣告失踪，另一方提出离婚诉讼的，应准予离婚。”该款使之以立法特例摆脱了诉讼离婚的一般条件及必经调解程序的制约，从而消除了婚姻法中存在的制约法院对此类案件进行缺席判决的因素。但这一立法设计既不明智也不科学，不仅无益于婚姻法适应现代民事诉讼制度与民事司法审判改革的需要，而且还产生了诸多新问题，并对立法的科学性构成危害：
一、诉讼成本增加和诉讼效率下降。以宣告失踪制度支持缺席判决制度，虽可从立法层面上解决了部分因一方下落不明而提起的离婚案件（下落不明与失踪是两个既有联系又有区别的概念，从其内涵上比较，“失踪”为“下落不明”包含）的审理问题，但也因此增加了离婚诉讼的成本和降低了诉讼效率。一方当事人为了达到离婚目的，必须打两次官司（宣告失踪和起诉离婚），势必大量浪费人力、物力和财力，而形成讼累并使法院办案效率降低。
二、导致诉讼离婚复杂化。这种设计使得诉讼离婚制度被人为得分解为一般诉讼离婚制度和特殊诉讼离婚制度。（一方当事人失踪的离婚制度），这种特殊的诉讼离婚制度是通过迭加宣告失踪和诉讼离婚构建起来的，其复杂化不言而喻。而且肢造成立法不科学。为解决诉讼操作上的问题而在民事实体法即婚姻法中专门增设一种既有复杂的实体法性质又有程序法性质的特殊诉讼离婚制度，无疑会本末倒置和得不偿失。宣告失踪与“准予离婚”直接划等号使得立法本身存在严重的逻辑错误。
三、无当扩展了宣告失踪制度的功能。宣告失踪被现行婚姻法规定为特别的诉讼离婚条件和程序后，其民事法律后果已被不适当迭加。现行婚姻法硬性添加宣告失踪作为解决离婚的条件之一并没有任何法理依据。实际上，对一方当事人的离婚请求支持与否的诉讼法律依据和法理依据，应当是失踪方以失踪形式表现出的对诉讼的消极对待，而不是当事人失踪事实本身，准予离婚的实体法律依据乃是失踪一方对婚姻义务的不履行或履行不能。
四、导致程序操作上更加上复杂和困难。一方当事人为了离婚，必须在提起离婚诉讼之前提起宣告失踪之诉，接受宣告失踪制度的种种严格条件特别是举证要求、复杂程序和时间条件漫长等条件的限制，必然会增大此类离婚诉讼操作的复杂程度，一方失踪或下落不明的离婚难问题依然存在。从现行婚姻法第三十二条第三款规定内容看，该款的规定并未囊括所有一方当事人下落不明离婚案件的处理。对于绕过此规定继续沿用老办法即直接以缺席判决方式解决一方失踪的离婚问题，而不先行宣告被告失踪的错误做法，法还律还是处于无奈境地。
五、与现代诉讼原则与精神不相符。这种立法设计造成了强迫当事人打官司，为了解决离婚问题而不得不提起“申请宣告失踪”诉讼的尴尬局面，最终有悖现代民事诉讼“不告不理”的原则和使诉讼精神受到严重扭曲。
笔者认为，对此可循如下的立法思路或方法：取消调解这一必经程序和完善诉讼离婚的其他法定条件，消除缺席判决的适用障碍，使缺席判决方式能够适用于一切婚姻纠纷案件的审理。
（一）离婚不再困难。肯定缺席判决在解决一方失踪或下落不明的婚姻纠纷案件中的价值，可以解决此类婚姻纠纷的离婚难问题。法官可以依法大胆适用缺席判决制度的规定处理一方失踪或下落不明的离婚案件，从而避免出现过去普遍存在的法院不愿受理、不敢处理此类离婚案件或对当事人的起诉无理推诿的现象；
（二）增强了法律的科学性。婚姻法属于民事实体法，故剔除其中若干与一般诉讼程序法规定相异的程序性规定，不仅不会削弱婚姻法的地位，反而会增强其立法的科学性，还婚姻法的实体法本来面目。审判公正或司法公正已不再是局限于实体公正还应兼顾公平与效率。调解作为诉讼离婚的必经程序的必要性及其现实意义已越来越小，婚姻立法也应适应社会变革和现代民事司法审判改革的客观需要。
（三）司法操作更简便。循此立法方法，既不会对宣告失踪制度构成不良影响或冲击，立法司法操作也会因此更简便。当然，在立法时还应注意完善诉讼离婚的法定条件，尽可能使之具体化，使以缺席判决方式审理诉讼离婚纠纷获得充足的法律适用前提且富于可操作性。
从立法层面上看，法院对婚姻纠纷的调解权并未因此丧失，当事人也有权提请法院对婚姻纠纷进行调解，法院在这种特定情形或条件下负有对婚姻纠纷进行调解的义务。在相关立法改动之前，人民法院应视实际情况差异依法采取正确方式审理存在一方当事人失踪情形的离婚纠纷案件，对被告确属失踪的，应先依法申请宣告被告失踪（被告已被宣告失踪的除外），然后再提起离婚诉讼；已进行过调解的离婚案件，后被告或被反诉人失踪的，可以依法进行缺席判决；被告或被反诉人、被上诉人逃避诉讼的，应敦促原告等当事人查找，知其下落后法院可依法采取强制措施强制其到庭接受调解或庭审；对于其他情形，无法采取以上措施的，应依法中止诉讼，待找到失踪人或下落不明者后再予以恢复。
江西省奉新县人民法院 蔡武
国务院
国务院关于鼓励台湾同胞投资的规定(附英文)
国务院
第一条 为促进大陆和台湾地区的经济技术交流，以利于祖国海峡两岸的共同繁荣，鼓励台湾的公司、企业和个人（以下统称台湾投资者）在大陆投资，制定本规定。
第二条 台湾投资者可以在大陆各省、自治区、直辖市、经济特区投资。
鼓励台湾投资者到海南省以及福建、广东、浙江等省沿海地带划定的岛屿和地区从事土地开发经营。
第三条 台湾投资者在大陆可以下列形式进行投资：
（一）举办台湾投资者拥有全部资本的企业；
（二）举办合资经营企业、合作经营企业；
（三）开展补偿贸易、来料加工装配、合作生产；
（四）购买企业的股票和债券；
（五）购置房产；
（六）依法取得土地使用权，开发经营；
（七）法律、法规允许的其他投资形式。
第四条 台湾投资者可以在大陆的工业、农业、服务业以及其他符合社会和经济发展方向的行业投资。台湾投资者可以从各地方人民政府有关部门公布的项目中选择投资项目，也可以自行提出投资项目意向，向拟投资地区对外经济贸易部门或者地方人民政府指定的审批机关申请。
国家鼓励台湾投资者投资举办产品出口企业和先进技术企业，并给予相应的优惠待遇。
第五条 台湾投资者在大陆投资举办拥有全部资本的企业、合资经营企业和合作经营企业（以下统称台胞投资企业），除适用本规定外，参照执行国家有关涉外经济法律、法规的规定，享受相应的外商投资企业待遇。
台湾投资者在大陆进行其他形式的投资，以及在大陆没有设立营业机构而有来源于大陆的股息、利息、租金、特许权使用费和其他所得，除适用本规定外，也可以参照执行国家有关涉外经济法律、法规的规定。
第六条 台湾投资者可以用可自由兑换货币、机器设备或者其他实物、工业产权、专有技术等作为投资。
第七条 台湾投资者在大陆的投资、购置的资产、工业产权、投资所得利润和其他合法权益受国家法律保护，并可以依法转让和继承。
台湾投资者在大陆的活动应当遵守国家的法律、法规。
第八条 国家对台湾投资者的投资和其他资产不实行国有化。
第九条 国家根据社会公共利益的需要，对台胞投资企业实行征收时，依照法律程序进行并给予相应的补偿。
第十条 台湾投资者投资获得的合法利润，其他合法收入和清算后的资金，可以依法汇往境外。
第十一条 台胞投资企业在其投资总额内进口本企业所需的机器设备、生产用车辆和办公设备，以及台胞个人在企业工作期间运进自用的、合理数量的生活用品和交通工具，免缴进口关税、工商统一税，免领进口许可证。
台胞投资企业进口用于生产出口产品的原材料、燃料、散件、零部件、元器件、配套件，免缴进口关税、工商统一税，免领进口许可证，由海关实行监管。上述进口料件，如用于在大陆销售的产品，应当按照国家规定补办进口手续，并照章补税。
台胞投资企业生产的出口产品，除国家限制出口的外，免缴出口关税和工商统一税。
第十二条 台胞投资企业可以向大陆的金融机构借款，也可以向境外的金融机构借款，并可以本企业资产和权益抵押、担保。
第十三条 台湾投资者拥有全部资本的企业，经营期限由投资者自行确定；合资经营企业和合作经营企业，经营期限由合资或者合作各方协商确定，也可以不规定经营期限。
第十四条 合资经营企业董事会的组成和董事长的委派、合作经营企业董事会或者联合管理机构的组成和董事长或者联合管理机构主任的委派，可以参照出资比例或者合作条件由合资或者合作各方协商决定。
第十五条 台胞投资企业依照经批准的合同、章程进行经营管理活动。企业的经营管理自主权不受干涉。
第十六条 在大陆投资的台胞个人以及台胞投资企业从境外聘请的技术和管理人员，可以申请办理多次入出境的证件。
第十七条 台湾投资者在大陆投资可以委托大陆的亲友为其代理人。代理人应当持有具有法律效力的委托书。
第十八条 在台胞投资企业集中的地区，台湾投资者可以向当地人民政府申请成立台商协会。
第十九条 台湾投资者在大陆投资举办合资经营企业、合作经营企业，由大陆的合资、合作方负责申请；举办台湾投资者拥有全部资本的企业，由台湾投资者直接申请或者委托在大陆的亲友、咨询服务机构等代为申请。台湾投资者投资举办企业的申请，由当地对外经济贸易部门或者地
方人民政府指定的审批机关统一受理。
台胞投资企业的审批，按照国务院规定的权限办理。各级对外经济贸易部门或者地方人民政府指定的审批机关应当在收到全部申请文件之日起45天内决定批准或者不批准。
申请人应当在收到批准证书之日起30天内，按照有关登记管理办法，向工商行政管理机关申请登记，领取营业执照。
第二十条 台湾投资者在大陆投资因履行合同发生的或者与合同有关的争议，当事人应当尽可能通过协商或者调解解决。
当事人不愿协商、调解的，或者协商、调解不成的，可以依据合同中的仲裁条款或者事后达成的书面仲裁协议，提交大陆或者香港的仲裁机构仲裁。
当事人没有在合同中订立仲裁条款，事后又没有达成书面仲裁协议的，可以向人民法院起诉。
第二十一条 本规定由对外经济贸易部负责解释。
第二十二条 本规定自发布之日起施行。
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
PROVISIONS OF THE STATE COUNCIL CONCERNING THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF
INVESTMENTS BY COMPATRIOTS FROM TAIWAN
(Adopted by the Tenth Executive Meeting of the State Council on
June 25, 1988, promulgated by Decree No. 7 of the State Council of the
People's Republic of China on July 3, 1988, and effective as of the date
of promulgation)
Article 1
These Provisions are formulated in order to promote economic and
technological exchanges between China's mainland and the region of Taiwan,
thereby boosting common prosperity of the two parts of the motherland on
both sides of the Straits, and to encourage companies, enterprises and
individuals on Taiwan (hereinafter referred to as "investors from Taiwan")
to make investments on China's mainland.
Article 2
Investors from Taiwan may make investments in all provinces, autonomous
regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government, and special
economic zones on China's mainland.
Investors from Taiwan are encouraged to engage themselves in land
development operations in Hainan Province and on the designated islands
and in areas along the coastal regions of the Provinces of Fujian,
Guangdong and Zhejiang.
Article 3
The investments made by investors from Taiwan on China's mainland may take
the following forms:
(1) to establish enterprises with the capital wholly owned by investors
from Taiwan;
(2) to establish equity or contractual joint ventures;
(3) to carry out compensation trade, to process supplied materials, to
assemble supplied parts, and to carry out contractual production;
(4) to purchase shares and various kinds of bonds and debentures of
existing enterprises;
(5) to purchase real estate;
(6) to obtain land use right according to law and to engage in land
development operations; and
(7) to adopt other forms of investment permitted under the laws and
regulations.
Article 4
Investors from Taiwan may make investments in various trades in China's
mainland: industries, agriculture, service trades, and other trades that
are in conformity with the orientation of social and economic development.
Investors from Taiwan may select investment projects from the lists of
projects published by the departments concerned under various local
people's governments; they may also put forward, of their own accord,
proposals as to their investment intent and file their applications to the
departments of foreign economic relations and trade or to the examining
and approving organs designated by various local people's governments in
areas where they intend to make investments.
The State encourages investors from Taiwan to make investments in the
establishment of export oriented enterprises and of technological advanced
enterprises and gives corresponding preferential treatment to such
enterprises.
Article 5
With respect to the various types of enterprises established with
investments by investors from Taiwan - enterprises with the capital wholly
owned by investors from Taiwan, equity and contractual joint ventures
(hereinafter referred to as "enterprises with investments by compatriots
from Taiwan"), they shall all be operated in accordance with these
Provisions; in addition to this, they may also enjoy the corresponding
preferential treatment as enjoyed by enterprises with foreign investments
with reference to the relevant provisions in foreign-related economic
laws, decrees and regulations of the state.
With respect to the other forms of investment made by investors from
Taiwan on China's mainland, and with respect to those investors from
Taiwan who have not set up business offices on the mainland, but have
dividends, interest, rental, royalties and other incomes that come from
China's mainland, in addition to the application of these Provisions,
reference shall be made to the relevant foreign-related economic law,
decrees and regulations.
Article 6
Investors from Taiwan may make investments by using freely convertible
currencies, machinery and equipment or other physical goods, industrial
property right, and proprietary technology.
Article 7
The investments made on China's mainland by investors from Taiwan, the
assets they have purchased, their industrial property rights, their
profits from investments, and other lawful rights and interests shall be
protected by state laws, and may be transferred or inherited according to
law.
Investors from Taiwan shall, in their activities on China's mainland,
abide by state laws, decrees and regulations.
Article 8
The state shall not nationalize the investments made by investors from
Taiwan or other assets belonging to them.
Article 9
Where the state, in light of the needs of social and public interest, has
to requisition the enterprises with investments by compatriots from
Taiwan, the State shall handle the requisitioning according to the legal
procedures and the investors concerned shall be duly compensated.
Article 10
The lawful profits gained by the investors from Taiwan from their
investments, their other lawful income and the funds after liquidation may
be remitted out of China's mainland according to law.
Article 11
Machinery and equipment imported to meet the needs of the enterprises with
investments by compatriots from Taiwan and included in the total amount of
investment, the motor vehicles for use in production, the office
equipment, as well as the articles and means of communications for
personal use and within reasonable quantities, imported by individual
compatriots from Taiwan during the period when they work in the aforesaid
enterprises shall be exempted from Customs duties and consolidated
industrial and commercial tax, and also from application of import
licences.
The raw and processed materials, fuels, bulk parts, spare and component
parts, primary parts, and fittings, which are imported by the enterprises
with investments by compatriots from Taiwan for the production of export
commodities, shall all be exempted from Customs duties and consolidated
industrial and commercial tax and also from obtaining import licences, and
placed under the supervision of the Customs. In case that the aforesaid
imported raw materials and parts are used for the production of
commodities to be sold on the market of China's mainland, it is imperative
to make up the procedures for importation and to pay taxes and duties
according to the regulations. The export commodities produced by the
enterprises with investments by compatriots from Taiwan shall, with the
exception of those commodities the export of which is under restriction by
the state, be exempted from Customs duties on export goods and
consolidated industrial and commercial tax.
Article 12
Enterprises with investments by compatriots from Taiwan may obtain loans
from financial institutions of China's mainland; they may also obtain
loans from financial institutions outside China's mainland, and may use
their assets as well as their rights and interests as mortgage or
security.
Article 13
With respect to the enterprises with the capital wholly owned by investors
from Taiwan, their period of operation shall be determined by the
investors themselves; as to equity and contractual joint ventures their
period of operation shall be determined, through consultation, by the
various parties to the ventures, they may also choose not to stipulate a
period of operation.
Article 14
The composition of the board of directors of equity joint ventures and the
appointment of the chairman of the board of directors, the composition of
the board of directors or of the joint managerial organs of contractual
joint ventures and the appointment of the chairman or the appointment of
the director of the joint managerial organs, shall be determined, through
consultation, by the various parties to the equity or contractual joint
ventures in light of the proportion of investments or the terms of
contract.
Article 15
Enterprises with investments by compatriots from Taiwan shall conduct
their operational and managerial activities in accordance with the
approved contract or articles of association. The enterprises' decision-
making power for business operations and management shall not be
interfered with.
Article 16
The technical and managerial personnel, engaged by individuals and
enterprises investing on China's mainland may apply and obtain multiple-
journey travel documents.
Article 17
The investors from Taiwan, who make investments on China's mainland, may
appoint their relatives or friends residing on the mainland as their
agents. The agents should hold legally effective letters of authority.
Article 18
In areas where enterprises with investments by compatriots from Taiwan are
concentrated, the investors from Taiwan may apply to the local people's
government for the establishment of the association of investors from
Taiwan.
Article 19
With respect to equity and contractual joint ventures to be established,
on China's mainland, with investments by investors from Taiwan, the
application for the establishment of the aforesaid enterprises shall be
filed by the mainland party; as o the enterprises to be established with
capital wholly owned by investors from Taiwan, the application shall be
filed directly by the investors from Taiwan themselves, or they may
entrust their relatives or friends residing on the mainland, or entrust
the institution providing advisory services, with the application. The
applications for the establishment of enterprises with investments by
investors from Taiwan shall be accepted and handled, in a unified manner,
by the local department for foreign economic relations and trade, or by
the examining and approving organs designated by the local people's
government. Cases concerning the examination and approval of the
application for the establishment of enterprises with investments by
compatriots from Taiwan shall be handled in accordance with the authority
prescribed by the State Council. Departments for foreign economic
relations and trade at various levels or the examining and approving
organs designated by the local people's government shall, within forty-
five days of receipt of complete application documents, make the decision
on whether the said application is approved or disapproved.
The applicants shall, within thirty days receipt of the written approval,
file an application to the department for the administration of industry
and commerce, and, in accordance with the relevant procedures for
registration and administration, go through the procedures for
registration and obtain business licences.
Article 20
With respect to the investors from Taiwan who have made investments in
China's mainland, in case that a dispute arises during the execution of,
or in connection with, a contract, the parties concerned shall try their
best to settle the dispute through consultation or mediation.
Where the parties concerned are unwilling to settle the dispute through
consultation or mediation, or the consultation or mediation has failed,
the parties concerned may, in accordance with the stipulation of the
arbitration articles in the contract, or in accordance with the written
arbitration agreement reached by the parties concerned after the dispute
has arisen, submit their dispute to the arbitration authorities on China's
mainland or in Hong Kong for settlement.
In the event that the parties concerned did not include an arbitration
article in their contract, and on written arbitration agreement has been
reached after the dispute has arisen, then the dispute may be brought
before the people's court.
Article 21
The right to interpret these Provisions resides in the Ministry of Foreign
Economic Relations and Trade.
Article 22
These Provisions shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation.
1988年7月3日
蔡武
随着我国经济的快速发展，人口流动日益频繁，人们居住场所的变动性加大，经常居住地无法用法律进行判断，导致离婚案件对方当事人因失踪或下落不明或者其他原因不应诉、不出庭的诉讼日益增多，法院公告送达法律文书、以缺席判决方式审理此类案件的做法也越来越常见。法院对一方失踪（或下落不明）的离婚案件予以受理并以缺席判决方式进行审理，主要是依据《最高人民法院关于人民法院审理离婚案件如何认定夫妻感情确已破裂的若干具体意》。该意见指出，“一方下落不明满二年，对方起诉离婚，经公告查找确无下落的，一方坚决要求离婚，经调解无效，可依法判决准予离婚。”（这一解释是前后矛盾的，如被告”确无下落“则根本不存在调解的条件或可能，它对审判或司法的误导不可避免）1992年最高人民法院《关于适用〈中华人民共和国民事诉讼法〉若干问题的意见》第151条规定：“夫妻一方下落不明，另一方诉至人民法院，只要求离婚，不申请宣告下落不明人失踪或死亡的案件，人民法院应当受理，对下落不明人用公告送达诉讼文书。”
应当看到，允许法院以缺席判决方式审理一方当事人失踪或下落不明的离婚案件，因舍弃了必要调解程序而缺乏充分的法律依据，而简单地禁止法院作缺席判决，必然会使那些因一方失踪或下落不明而名存实亡的婚姻关系及纠纷无法获得必要且及时的法律调整与处理。这一矛盾或问题，在我国目前人口流动不断加剧、当事人逃避婚姻家庭义务或逃避诉讼现象日趋严重的情形下更为突出。上述问题虽因婚姻法的修改而在一定程度上得到解决，但法院对此类离婚案件依然进行缺席判决，这就导致一方当事人下落不明或失踪的离婚案件变得更复杂。
现行婚姻法第三十二条第三款规定：“一方被宣告失踪，另一方提出离婚诉讼的，应准予离婚。”该款使之以立法特例摆脱了诉讼离婚的一般条件及必经调解程序的制约，从而消除了婚姻法中存在的制约法院对此类案件进行缺席判决的因素。但这一立法设计既不明智也不科学，不仅无益于婚姻法适应现代民事诉讼制度与民事司法审判改革的需要，而且还产生了诸多新问题，并对立法的科学性构成危害：
一、诉讼成本增加和诉讼效率下降。以宣告失踪制度支持缺席判决制度，虽可从立法层面上解决了部分因一方下落不明而提起的离婚案件（下落不明与失踪是两个既有联系又有区别的概念，从其内涵上比较，“失踪”为“下落不明”包含）的审理问题，但也因此增加了离婚诉讼的成本和降低了诉讼效率。一方当事人为了达到离婚目的，必须打两次官司（宣告失踪和起诉离婚），势必大量浪费人力、物力和财力，而形成讼累并使法院办案效率降低。
二、导致诉讼离婚复杂化。这种设计使得诉讼离婚制度被人为得分解为一般诉讼离婚制度和特殊诉讼离婚制度。（一方当事人失踪的离婚制度），这种特殊的诉讼离婚制度是通过迭加宣告失踪和诉讼离婚构建起来的，其复杂化不言而喻。而且肢造成立法不科学。为解决诉讼操作上的问题而在民事实体法即婚姻法中专门增设一种既有复杂的实体法性质又有程序法性质的特殊诉讼离婚制度，无疑会本末倒置和得不偿失。宣告失踪与“准予离婚”直接划等号使得立法本身存在严重的逻辑错误。
三、无当扩展了宣告失踪制度的功能。宣告失踪被现行婚姻法规定为特别的诉讼离婚条件和程序后，其民事法律后果已被不适当迭加。现行婚姻法硬性添加宣告失踪作为解决离婚的条件之一并没有任何法理依据。实际上，对一方当事人的离婚请求支持与否的诉讼法律依据和法理依据，应当是失踪方以失踪形式表现出的对诉讼的消极对待，而不是当事人失踪事实本身，准予离婚的实体法律依据乃是失踪一方对婚姻义务的不履行或履行不能。
四、导致程序操作上更加上复杂和困难。一方当事人为了离婚，必须在提起离婚诉讼之前提起宣告失踪之诉，接受宣告失踪制度的种种严格条件特别是举证要求、复杂程序和时间条件漫长等条件的限制，必然会增大此类离婚诉讼操作的复杂程度，一方失踪或下落不明的离婚难问题依然存在。从现行婚姻法第三十二条第三款规定内容看，该款的规定并未囊括所有一方当事人下落不明离婚案件的处理。对于绕过此规定继续沿用老办法即直接以缺席判决方式解决一方失踪的离婚问题，而不先行宣告被告失踪的错误做法，法还律还是处于无奈境地。
五、与现代诉讼原则与精神不相符。这种立法设计造成了强迫当事人打官司，为了解决离婚问题而不得不提起“申请宣告失踪”诉讼的尴尬局面，最终有悖现代民事诉讼“不告不理”的原则和使诉讼精神受到严重扭曲。
笔者认为，对此可循如下的立法思路或方法：取消调解这一必经程序和完善诉讼离婚的其他法定条件，消除缺席判决的适用障碍，使缺席判决方式能够适用于一切婚姻纠纷案件的审理。
（一）离婚不再困难。肯定缺席判决在解决一方失踪或下落不明的婚姻纠纷案件中的价值，可以解决此类婚姻纠纷的离婚难问题。法官可以依法大胆适用缺席判决制度的规定处理一方失踪或下落不明的离婚案件，从而避免出现过去普遍存在的法院不愿受理、不敢处理此类离婚案件或对当事人的起诉无理推诿的现象；
（二）增强了法律的科学性。婚姻法属于民事实体法，故剔除其中若干与一般诉讼程序法规定相异的程序性规定，不仅不会削弱婚姻法的地位，反而会增强其立法的科学性，还婚姻法的实体法本来面目。审判公正或司法公正已不再是局限于实体公正还应兼顾公平与效率。调解作为诉讼离婚的必经程序的必要性及其现实意义已越来越小，婚姻立法也应适应社会变革和现代民事司法审判改革的客观需要。
（三）司法操作更简便。循此立法方法，既不会对宣告失踪制度构成不良影响或冲击，立法司法操作也会因此更简便。当然，在立法时还应注意完善诉讼离婚的法定条件，尽可能使之具体化，使以缺席判决方式审理诉讼离婚纠纷获得充足的法律适用前提且富于可操作性。
从立法层面上看，法院对婚姻纠纷的调解权并未因此丧失，当事人也有权提请法院对婚姻纠纷进行调解，法院在这种特定情形或条件下负有对婚姻纠纷进行调解的义务。在相关立法改动之前，人民法院应视实际情况差异依法采取正确方式审理存在一方当事人失踪情形的离婚纠纷案件，对被告确属失踪的，应先依法申请宣告被告失踪（被告已被宣告失踪的除外），然后再提起离婚诉讼；已进行过调解的离婚案件，后被告或被反诉人失踪的，可以依法进行缺席判决；被告或被反诉人、被上诉人逃避诉讼的，应敦促原告等当事人查找，知其下落后法院可依法采取强制措施强制其到庭接受调解或庭审；对于其他情形，无法采取以上措施的，应依法中止诉讼，待找到失踪人或下落不明者后再予以恢复。
江西省奉新县人民法院 蔡武
国务院关于鼓励台湾同胞投资的规定(附英文)
国务院关于鼓励台湾同胞投资的规定(附英文)
国务院
第一条 为促进大陆和台湾地区的经济技术交流，以利于祖国海峡两岸的共同繁荣，鼓励台湾的公司、企业和个人（以下统称台湾投资者）在大陆投资，制定本规定。
第二条 台湾投资者可以在大陆各省、自治区、直辖市、经济特区投资。
鼓励台湾投资者到海南省以及福建、广东、浙江等省沿海地带划定的岛屿和地区从事土地开发经营。
第三条 台湾投资者在大陆可以下列形式进行投资：
（一）举办台湾投资者拥有全部资本的企业；
（二）举办合资经营企业、合作经营企业；
（三）开展补偿贸易、来料加工装配、合作生产；
（四）购买企业的股票和债券；
（五）购置房产；
（六）依法取得土地使用权，开发经营；
（七）法律、法规允许的其他投资形式。
第四条 台湾投资者可以在大陆的工业、农业、服务业以及其他符合社会和经济发展方向的行业投资。台湾投资者可以从各地方人民政府有关部门公布的项目中选择投资项目，也可以自行提出投资项目意向，向拟投资地区对外经济贸易部门或者地方人民政府指定的审批机关申请。
国家鼓励台湾投资者投资举办产品出口企业和先进技术企业，并给予相应的优惠待遇。
第五条 台湾投资者在大陆投资举办拥有全部资本的企业、合资经营企业和合作经营企业（以下统称台胞投资企业），除适用本规定外，参照执行国家有关涉外经济法律、法规的规定，享受相应的外商投资企业待遇。
台湾投资者在大陆进行其他形式的投资，以及在大陆没有设立营业机构而有来源于大陆的股息、利息、租金、特许权使用费和其他所得，除适用本规定外，也可以参照执行国家有关涉外经济法律、法规的规定。
第六条 台湾投资者可以用可自由兑换货币、机器设备或者其他实物、工业产权、专有技术等作为投资。
第七条 台湾投资者在大陆的投资、购置的资产、工业产权、投资所得利润和其他合法权益受国家法律保护，并可以依法转让和继承。
台湾投资者在大陆的活动应当遵守国家的法律、法规。
第八条 国家对台湾投资者的投资和其他资产不实行国有化。
第九条 国家根据社会公共利益的需要，对台胞投资企业实行征收时，依照法律程序进行并给予相应的补偿。
第十条 台湾投资者投资获得的合法利润，其他合法收入和清算后的资金，可以依法汇往境外。
第十一条 台胞投资企业在其投资总额内进口本企业所需的机器设备、生产用车辆和办公设备，以及台胞个人在企业工作期间运进自用的、合理数量的生活用品和交通工具，免缴进口关税、工商统一税，免领进口许可证。
台胞投资企业进口用于生产出口产品的原材料、燃料、散件、零部件、元器件、配套件，免缴进口关税、工商统一税，免领进口许可证，由海关实行监管。上述进口料件，如用于在大陆销售的产品，应当按照国家规定补办进口手续，并照章补税。
台胞投资企业生产的出口产品，除国家限制出口的外，免缴出口关税和工商统一税。
第十二条 台胞投资企业可以向大陆的金融机构借款，也可以向境外的金融机构借款，并可以本企业资产和权益抵押、担保。
第十三条 台湾投资者拥有全部资本的企业，经营期限由投资者自行确定；合资经营企业和合作经营企业，经营期限由合资或者合作各方协商确定，也可以不规定经营期限。
第十四条 合资经营企业董事会的组成和董事长的委派、合作经营企业董事会或者联合管理机构的组成和董事长或者联合管理机构主任的委派，可以参照出资比例或者合作条件由合资或者合作各方协商决定。
第十五条 台胞投资企业依照经批准的合同、章程进行经营管理活动。企业的经营管理自主权不受干涉。
第十六条 在大陆投资的台胞个人以及台胞投资企业从境外聘请的技术和管理人员，可以申请办理多次入出境的证件。
第十七条 台湾投资者在大陆投资可以委托大陆的亲友为其代理人。代理人应当持有具有法律效力的委托书。
第十八条 在台胞投资企业集中的地区，台湾投资者可以向当地人民政府申请成立台商协会。
第十九条 台湾投资者在大陆投资举办合资经营企业、合作经营企业，由大陆的合资、合作方负责申请；举办台湾投资者拥有全部资本的企业，由台湾投资者直接申请或者委托在大陆的亲友、咨询服务机构等代为申请。台湾投资者投资举办企业的申请，由当地对外经济贸易部门或者地
方人民政府指定的审批机关统一受理。
台胞投资企业的审批，按照国务院规定的权限办理。各级对外经济贸易部门或者地方人民政府指定的审批机关应当在收到全部申请文件之日起45天内决定批准或者不批准。
申请人应当在收到批准证书之日起30天内，按照有关登记管理办法，向工商行政管理机关申请登记，领取营业执照。
第二十条 台湾投资者在大陆投资因履行合同发生的或者与合同有关的争议，当事人应当尽可能通过协商或者调解解决。
当事人不愿协商、调解的，或者协商、调解不成的，可以依据合同中的仲裁条款或者事后达成的书面仲裁协议，提交大陆或者香港的仲裁机构仲裁。
当事人没有在合同中订立仲裁条款，事后又没有达成书面仲裁协议的，可以向人民法院起诉。
第二十一条 本规定由对外经济贸易部负责解释。
第二十二条 本规定自发布之日起施行。
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
PROVISIONS OF THE STATE COUNCIL CONCERNING THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF
INVESTMENTS BY COMPATRIOTS FROM TAIWAN
(Adopted by the Tenth Executive Meeting of the State Council on
June 25, 1988, promulgated by Decree No. 7 of the State Council of the
People's Republic of China on July 3, 1988, and effective as of the date
of promulgation)
Article 1
These Provisions are formulated in order to promote economic and
technological exchanges between China's mainland and the region of Taiwan,
thereby boosting common prosperity of the two parts of the motherland on
both sides of the Straits, and to encourage companies, enterprises and
individuals on Taiwan (hereinafter referred to as "investors from Taiwan")
to make investments on China's mainland.
Article 2
Investors from Taiwan may make investments in all provinces, autonomous
regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government, and special
economic zones on China's mainland.
Investors from Taiwan are encouraged to engage themselves in land
development operations in Hainan Province and on the designated islands
and in areas along the coastal regions of the Provinces of Fujian,
Guangdong and Zhejiang.
Article 3
The investments made by investors from Taiwan on China's mainland may take
the following forms:
(1) to establish enterprises with the capital wholly owned by investors
from Taiwan;
(2) to establish equity or contractual joint ventures;
(3) to carry out compensation trade, to process supplied materials, to
assemble supplied parts, and to carry out contractual production;
(4) to purchase shares and various kinds of bonds and debentures of
existing enterprises;
(5) to purchase real estate;
(6) to obtain land use right according to law and to engage in land
development operations; and
(7) to adopt other forms of investment permitted under the laws and
regulations.
Article 4
Investors from Taiwan may make investments in various trades in China's
mainland: industries, agriculture, service trades, and other trades that
are in conformity with the orientation of social and economic development.
Investors from Taiwan may select investment projects from the lists of
projects published by the departments concerned under various local
people's governments; they may also put forward, of their own accord,
proposals as to their investment intent and file their applications to the
departments of foreign economic relations and trade or to the examining
and approving organs designated by various local people's governments in
areas where they intend to make investments.
The State encourages investors from Taiwan to make investments in the
establishment of export oriented enterprises and of technological advanced
enterprises and gives corresponding preferential treatment to such
enterprises.
Article 5
With respect to the various types of enterprises established with
investments by investors from Taiwan - enterprises with the capital wholly
owned by investors from Taiwan, equity and contractual joint ventures
(hereinafter referred to as "enterprises with investments by compatriots
from Taiwan"), they shall all be operated in accordance with these
Provisions; in addition to this, they may also enjoy the corresponding
preferential treatment as enjoyed by enterprises with foreign investments
with reference to the relevant provisions in foreign-related economic
laws, decrees and regulations of the state.
With respect to the other forms of investment made by investors from
Taiwan on China's mainland, and with respect to those investors from
Taiwan who have not set up business offices on the mainland, but have
dividends, interest, rental, royalties and other incomes that come from
China's mainland, in addition to the application of these Provisions,
reference shall be made to the relevant foreign-related economic law,
decrees and regulations.
Article 6
Investors from Taiwan may make investments by using freely convertible
currencies, machinery and equipment or other physical goods, industrial
property right, and proprietary technology.
Article 7
The investments made on China's mainland by investors from Taiwan, the
assets they have purchased, their industrial property rights, their
profits from investments, and other lawful rights and interests shall be
protected by state laws, and may be transferred or inherited according to
law.
Investors from Taiwan shall, in their activities on China's mainland,
abide by state laws, decrees and regulations.
Article 8
The state shall not nationalize the investments made by investors from
Taiwan or other assets belonging to them.
Article 9
Where the state, in light of the needs of social and public interest, has
to requisition the enterprises with investments by compatriots from
Taiwan, the State shall handle the requisitioning according to the legal
procedures and the investors concerned shall be duly compensated.
Article 10
The lawful profits gained by the investors from Taiwan from their
investments, their other lawful income and the funds after liquidation may
be remitted out of China's mainland according to law.
Article 11
Machinery and equipment imported to meet the needs of the enterprises with
investments by compatriots from Taiwan and included in the total amount of
investment, the motor vehicles for use in production, the office
equipment, as well as the articles and means of communications for
personal use and within reasonable quantities, imported by individual
compatriots from Taiwan during the period when they work in the aforesaid
enterprises shall be exempted from Customs duties and consolidated
industrial and commercial tax, and also from application of import
licences.
The raw and processed materials, fuels, bulk parts, spare and component
parts, primary parts, and fittings, which are imported by the enterprises
with investments by compatriots from Taiwan for the production of export
commodities, shall all be exempted from Customs duties and consolidated
industrial and commercial tax and also from obtaining import licences, and
placed under the supervision of the Customs. In case that the aforesaid
imported raw materials and parts are used for the production of
commodities to be sold on the market of China's mainland, it is imperative
to make up the procedures for importation and to pay taxes and duties
according to the regulations. The export commodities produced by the
enterprises with investments by compatriots from Taiwan shall, with the
exception of those commodities the export of which is under restriction by
the state, be exempted from Customs duties on export goods and
consolidated industrial and commercial tax.
Article 12
Enterprises with investments by compatriots from Taiwan may obtain loans
from financial institutions of China's mainland; they may also obtain
loans from financial institutions outside China's mainland, and may use
their assets as well as their rights and interests as mortgage or
security.
Article 13
With respect to the enterprises with the capital wholly owned by investors
from Taiwan, their period of operation shall be determined by the
investors themselves; as to equity and contractual joint ventures their
period of operation shall be determined, through consultation, by the
various parties to the ventures, they may also choose not to stipulate a
period of operation.
Article 14
The composition of the board of directors of equity joint ventures and the
appointment of the chairman of the board of directors, the composition of
the board of directors or of the joint managerial organs of contractual
joint ventures and the appointment of the chairman or the appointment of
the director of the joint managerial organs, shall be determined, through
consultation, by the various parties to the equity or contractual joint
ventures in light of the proportion of investments or the terms of
contract.
Article 15
Enterprises with investments by compatriots from Taiwan shall conduct
their operational and managerial activities in accordance with the
approved contract or articles of association. The enterprises' decision-
making power for business operations and management shall not be
interfered with.
Article 16
The technical and managerial personnel, engaged by individuals and
enterprises investing on China's mainland may apply and obtain multiple-
journey travel documents.
Article 17
The investors from Taiwan, who make investments on China's mainland, may
appoint their relatives or friends residing on the mainland as their
agents. The agents should hold legally effective letters of authority.
Article 18
In areas where enterprises with investments by compatriots from Taiwan are
concentrated, the investors from Taiwan may apply to the local people's
government for the establishment of the association of investors from
Taiwan.
Article 19
With respect to equity and contractual joint ventures to be established,
on China's mainland, with investments by investors from Taiwan, the
application for the establishment of the aforesaid enterprises shall be
filed by the mainland party; as o the enterprises to be established with
capital wholly owned by investors from Taiwan, the application shall be
filed directly by the investors from Taiwan themselves, or they may
entrust their relatives or friends residing on the mainland, or entrust
the institution providing advisory services, with the application. The
applications for the establishment of enterprises with investments by
investors from Taiwan shall be accepted and handled, in a unified manner,
by the local department for foreign economic relations and trade, or by
the examining and approving organs designated by the local people's
government. Cases concerning the examination and approval of the
application for the establishment of enterprises with investments by
compatriots from Taiwan shall be handled in accordance with the authority
prescribed by the State Council. Departments for foreign economic
relations and trade at various levels or the examining and approving
organs designated by the local people's government shall, within forty-
five days of receipt of complete application documents, make the decision
on whether the said application is approved or disapproved.
The applicants shall, within thirty days receipt of the written approval,
file an application to the department for the administration of industry
and commerce, and, in accordance with the relevant procedures for
registration and administration, go through the procedures for
registration and obtain business licences.
Article 20
With respect to the investors from Taiwan who have made investments in
China's mainland, in case that a dispute arises during the execution of,
or in connection with, a contract, the parties concerned shall try their
best to settle the dispute through consultation or mediation.
Where the parties concerned are unwilling to settle the dispute through
consultation or mediation, or the consultation or mediation has failed,
the parties concerned may, in accordance with the stipulation of the
arbitration articles in the contract, or in accordance with the written
arbitration agreement reached by the parties concerned after the dispute
has arisen, submit their dispute to the arbitration authorities on China's
mainland or in Hong Kong for settlement.
In the event that the parties concerned did not include an arbitration
article in their contract, and on written arbitration agreement has been
reached after the dispute has arisen, then the dispute may be brought
before the people's court.
Article 21
The right to interpret these Provisions resides in the Ministry of Foreign
Economic Relations and Trade.
Article 22
These Provisions shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation.
1988年7月3日
